A vector error correction model is used when the variables are cointegrated.
当变量之间存在协整关系时,会使用向量误差修正模型。
After confirming cointegration with the Johansen test, the researchers estimated a VECM to capture short-run adjustments and long-run equilibrium among exchange rates, interest rates, and inflation.
在用 Johansen 检验确认协整之后,研究者估计了一个 VECM,用于刻画汇率、利率与通胀之间的短期调整过程与长期均衡关系。
Engle, R. F., & Granger, C. W. J. (1987). Co-integration and Error Correction: Representation, Estimation, and Testing. *Econometrica.*(误差修正与协整表示的奠基性论文)
Johansen, S. (1988). Statistical analysis of cointegration vectors. *Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control.*(多变量协整与 VECM 相关方法的重要来源)
Johansen, S. (1991). Estimation and hypothesis testing of cointegration vectors in Gaussian vector autoregressive models. *Econometrica.*(VAR/VECM 框架下协整向量估计与检验)
Hamilton, J. D. (1994). *Time Series Analysis.*(经典时间序列教材,系统讨论协整与相关模型)
Enders, W. *Applied Econometric Time Series.*(应用取向教材,常以 VECM 展示协整后的建模步骤)
Lütkepohl, H. *New Introduction to Multiple Time Series Analysis.*(多变量时间序列与 VAR/VECM 的权威参考)